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HYMENOPTERA,
SYMPHYTA The following references pertain especially
to the Symphyta (Chalastogastra) group of Hymenoptera, which includes the
sawflies and horntails. Most are
phytophagous, but some species in several families are predators [please also
refer to <biology.ref.htm>. Most Symphyta are phytophagous
external feeders on foliage. The larvae of the external feeders are eruciform
and differ from those of the Lepidoptera by having more than five pairs of
prolegs that lack crochets and usually have only one pair of ocelli. The
larvae of a few species bore in stems, fruits, wood, or leaves (leaf miners);
these larvae usually have the prolegs reduced or absent. All the Symphyta
have a prominent ovipositor, which is used in inserting the eggs into the
tissues of the host plant. In the Tenthredinoidea the ovipositor is somewhat
saw like, hence the common name "sawflies" for the members of this
group. Most of the Symphyta have a single generation a year and
overwinter as a full-grown larva or as a pupa, either in a cocoon or in some
sort of protected place. Most of the external feeders overwinter in a cocoon
or cell in the soil, while boring species usually do so in their tunnels in
the host plant. Some of the larger species spend more than a year to complete
their development (Borror et al. 1989). References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references
may be found at: MELVYL
Library] Abe, M., and D.R. Smith. 1991. The genus‑group names of
Symphyta (Hymenoptera) and their type species. Esakia 31:1‑‑115. Achterberg, C. van, and B. van;Aartsen. 1986. The European Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), with
special reference to the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen No. 234. 98 pp. Benson, R.B. 1935. On the genera of Orussidae with an account of African species
(Hymenoptera Symphyta). Occasional papers of the Rhodesian Museum 4:1‑17. Benson, R.B. 1938a. On the classification of sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Trans.
of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 87(15):353‑384. Benson, R.B. 1938b. On the Australian Orussidae with a key to the genera of the world
(Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Ann. and Magazine of Natural History (11)2:1‑15. Benson, R.B. 1939a. On the genera of the Diprionidae (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Bull. of
Entomol. Research 30:339‑342. Benson, R.B. 1939b. A revision of the Australian sawflies of the
genus Per;~a Leach, sens. Iat.
(Hymenoptera Symphyta). Australian Zoologist 9:324‑357. Benson, R.B. 1943. Studies in Siricidae, especially of Europe and southern Asia
(Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Bull. of Entomol. Research 34:27‑51. Benson, R.B. 1945a. Classification of the Pamphiliidae
(Hymenoptera Symphyta). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, Series B
14:25‑33. Benson, R.B. 1945b. Further note on the classification of the Diprionidae (Hymenoptera,
Symphyta). Bull. of Entomol. Research 36:163‑‑164. Benson, R.B. 1946a. Classification of the Cephidae (Hymenoptera
Symphyta). Trans. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 96(6):89‑ 108. Benson, R.B. 1946b. The European genera of the Tenthredininae (Hymenoptera
Tenthredinidae). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, Series B 15:33 ‑40. Benson, R.B. 1950. An introduction to the natural history of British sawflies
(Hymenoptera Symphyta). Trans. of the Soc. for British Entomology 10:45‑142. Benson, R.B. 1951. Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (a). Handbooks for the
identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(a):1‑50. Royal
Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England. Benson, R.B. 1952. Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b). Handbooks for the identification
of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(b):51‑138. Royal Entomol. Soc. of
London, London, England. Benson, R.B. 1954. Classification of the Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera). Trans. of the
Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 105:151‑162. Benson, R.B. 1955. Classification of the Orussidae, with some new genera and species
(Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, Series B
24:13‑‑23. Benson, R.B. 1958. Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (c). Handbooks for the
identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(c):139‑252. Royal
Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England. Benson, R.B. 1959. Tribes of the Tenthredininae and a new European genus
(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London,
Series B 28: 1 21 ‑ 127. Benson, R.B. 1963. Some new western Australian sawflies of the Euryinae and
Phylacteophaginae (Hymenoptera, Pergidae). Journal of the Royal Soc. of
Western Australia 46(3):81‑84. Benson, R.B. 1965. Some new pergid sawflies from New Guinea (Hymenoptera Symphyta).
Ann. and Magazine of Natural History (13)8:45‑‑49. Burdick, D.J. 1961. A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America.
University of California Publications in Entomology 17:285‑356. Burke, H.E. 1917. Oryssus is
parasitic. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 19:87‑ 89. Cooper, K.W. 1953. Egg gigantism, oviposition, and genital
anatomy: their bearing on the biology and phylogenetic position of Orussus. Proc. of the Rochester
Academy of Sciences 10:38‑68. Deyrup, M.A. 1984. A maple wood wasp, Xiphydria maculata, and its insect enemies (Hymenoptera:
Xiphydriidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 17(1):17‑28. Goulet, H. 1986. The genera and species of the Nearctic Dolerini
(Symphyta: Tenthredinidae: Selandriinae): classification and phylogeny.
Memoirs of the Entomol. Soc. of Canada No. 135. 208 pp. Goulet, H. 1992. The genera and subgenera of the sawflies of
Canada and Alaska: Hymenoptera: Symphyta. The insects and arachnids of
Canada. Part 20. Agriculture Canada Publication 1876. 235 pp. Guiglia, D. 1965. Orussidae. Pages 1‑18 in Ferriere, C., and J. van der Vecht,
eds. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 1.18 pp. Gussakovskij, V.V. 1935. Faune de l'URSS, Insectes hymenopteres, Vol.
II, No. 1. Chalastogastra (partie 1). 452 pp. Gussakovskij, V.V. 1947. Faune de l'URSS,
Insectes hymenopteres, Vol. II, No. 2. Chalastogastra (partie 2). 234 pp. Lorenz, H., and M. Kraus. 1957. Die
Larvalsystematik der Blattwespen. (Tenthredinoidea und Megalodontoidea).
Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insecten. Nr. 1. Akademie‑Verlag,
Berlin, Germany. 339 pp. Malaise, R. 1941. Gattungstabelle der Blattwespen (Hym. Tenth.) der Welt.
Entomologisk Tidskrift 62:131‑140. Malaise, R. 1945. Tenthredinoidea of south‑eastern Asia. Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum 4. 288 pp. Malaise, R. 1963. Hymenoptera Tenthredinoidea, subfamily
Selandriinae, key to the genera of the world. Entomologisk Tidskrift 84:159‑215. Middlekauff, W.W. 1958. The North Amer. sawflies of the generaAcantholyda, Cephalcia and Neurotoma (Hymenoptera,
Pamphiliidae).University of California Publications in Entomology 14(2):51‑174. Middlekauff, W.W. 1960. The siricid wood wasps of California (Hymenoptera:
Symphyta). Bull. of the California Insect Survey 6(4):59‑77. Middlekauff, W.W. 1964. The North Amer. sawflies of the genus Pamphilius (Hymenoptera:
Pamphiliidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 38:1‑84. Middlekauff, W.W. 1969. The cephid stem borers of California
(Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Bull. of the California Insect Survey 11:1‑18. Middlekauff, W.W. 1974. Larva of wood‑boring sawfly Syntexis libocedrii Rohwer
(Hymenoptera: Syntexidae). Pan‑Pacific Entomologist 50(3):288‑290. Middlekauff, W.W. 1983. A revision of the sawfly family Orussidae
for North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Orussidae). University
of California Publication in Entomology 101:1‑46. Muche, H. 1981. Die Cephidae der Erde (Hym.,
Cephidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 28(4‑5):234‑295. Pasteels, J. 1953. Prodromes d'une faune
des Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera) de l'Afrique noire. I.‑ Argidae.
Memoires de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 26.128 pp. Quinlan, J., and I.D. Gauld. 1981. Symphyta: (except
Tenthredinidae): Hymenoptera. Handbooks for the identification of British
insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(a). New edition, Royal Entomol. Soc. of London,
London, England. 67 pp. Rasnitsyn, A.P. 1988. An outline of evolution of the
hymenopterous insects (Order Vespida). Oriental Insects 22:115‑‑145. Rawlings, G.B. 1957. Guiglia
schauinslandi (Ashmead), a parasite of Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) in New Zealand. Entomologist 90:25‑36. Riek, E.F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). Pages 867‑959
in CSIRO, sponsor. The insects of
Australia: a textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne University
Press, Carlton, Victoria, Australia. xiii + 1029 pp. Ries, D.T. 1937. A revision of the Nearctic Cephidae (Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinoidea). Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 63:259‑324. Ross, H.H. 1937. A generic classification of the Nearctic
sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Illinois Biological Monograph 15(2):1‑173. Shinohara, A. 1983. Discovery of the families Xyelidae,
Pamphiliidae, Blasticotomidae and Orussidae from Taiwan, with descriptions of
four new species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of
Washington 85:309‑320. Shinohara, A. 1985a. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan I. Kontyu
53(2):346‑359. Shinohara, A. 1985b. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan II. Kontyu
53(4):711‑720. Shinohara, A. 1986a. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan III. Kontyu 54(2):271‑281. Shinohara, A. 1986b. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan IV. Kontyu
54(4):611‑617. Shinohara, A. 1987. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan V. Kontyu
55(3):486‑501. Smith, D.R. 1969a. Nearctic sawflies. II. Selandriinae: adults
(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bull.. United States Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1398.10 + 48 pp. Smith, D.R. 1969b. The genus Susana
Rohwer and Middleton (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proc. of the Entomol.
Soc. of Washington 71:13‑23. Smith, D.R. 1969c. Nearctic sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: adults
and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bull.. United States
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1397.179 pp. Smith, D.R. 1969d. Key to genera of Nearctic Argidae
(Hymenoptera) with revisions of the genera Atomacera Say and Sterictiphora
Billberg. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 95:439‑‑457. Smith, D.R. 1970. Nearctic species of the genus Ptenus Kirby (Hymenoptera: Argidae).
Trans. of the Arnerican Entomol. Soc. 96:79‑ 100. Smith, D.R. 1971a. Nearctic Sawflies. III. Heterarthrinae: adults
and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bull.. United States
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1420.10 + 84 pp. Smith, D.R. 1971b. Nearctic sawflies of the genera Neoptilia Ashmead, Schizocerella Forsius, Aprosthema Konow, and Sphacophilus Provancher (Hymenoptera:
Argidae). Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 97:537‑594. Smith, D.R. 1974a. Conifer sawflies, Diprionidae: key to North
Amer. genera, checklist of world species, and new species from Mexico
(Hymenoptera). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 76:409‑418. Smith, D.R. 1974b. Ischyroceraea
Kiaer, a sawfly genus new for North America (Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinidae). Cooperative Economic Insects Report 24(35):707‑‑710. Smith, D.R. 1974c. Sawflies of the tribe Cladiini in North
America (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Trans. of the Amer.
Entomol. Soc. 100:1‑28. Smith, D.R. 1975. Eriotremex
formosanus (Matsumura), an Asian horntail in North America (Hymenoptera:
Siricidae). Cooperative Economic Insects Report 25(44):851‑854. Smith, D.R. 1976a. The xiphydriid woodwasps of North America
(Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 102: 101‑131. Smith, D.R. 1976b. Sawflies of the tribe Pseudodineurini in North
America (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of
Washington 78:67‑79. Smith, D.R. 1976c. World genera of the leaf‑mining sawfly
tribe Fenusini (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologia Scandinavica 7:253‑260. Smith, D.R. 1978. Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae,
Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavitidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulcidae,
Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae,
Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars
14.193 pp. Smith, D.R. 1979a. Suborder Symphyta. Pages 3‑137 in Krombein, K.V., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R.
Smith, and B.D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of
Mexico. Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA. 1198
pp. Smith, D.R. 1979b. Nearctic sawflies. IV. Allantinae: adults and
larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bull.. United States
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1595.169 pp. Smith, D.R. 1983. Xiphydria
prolongata (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) adventive in North
America. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 85(4):860‑861. Smith, D.R. 1988. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera:
Symphyta) of Arnerica south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae,
Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae,
Cephidae. Systematic Entomology 13:205--261. Smith, D.R. 1989. The sawfly genus Arge (Hymenoptera: Argidae) in
the Western Hemisphere. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 115:83‑205. Smith, D.R. 1990. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera,
Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Pergidae. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia
34:7--200. Smith, D.R. 1992. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera:
Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Argidae. Memoirs of the
Amer. Entomol. Soc. 39:1--201. Stilwell, M.A. 1965. Hypopleural organs of the woodwasp larva Tremex columba (L.) containing the
fungus Daedalea unicolor Bull. ex Fries. Canad. Ent. 97:783‑784. Stilwell, M.A. 1966. Woodwasps (Siricidae) in conifers and the
associated fungus, Stereum chailletii, in
eastern Canada. Forest Science 72:121‑127. Takeuchi, K. 1938. A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta
(Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (I). Tenthredo 2(2):173‑229. Takeuchi, K. 1939. A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta
(Hym.) of the Japanese Empire (II). Tenthredo 2(4):393‑439. Takeuchi, K. 1940. A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta
(Hym.) of the Japanese Empire (III). Tenthredo 3(2):187‑199. Takeuchi, K. 1941. A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta
(Hym.) of the Japanese Empire (IV). Tenthredo 3(3):230‑274. Takeuchi, K. 1952. Generic classification of the Tenthredinidae
(Hymenoptera; Symphyta). Shinibi, Kyoto, Japan. 89 pp. Togashi, I. 1989. Japanese sawflies of the family Blasticotomidae
(Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 91: 406‑413. Viitasaari, M. 1982a. Sahapistiaiset 1.
Yleinin osa. Helsingin yliopisto. Maatalousja metsaelaintieteen laitos.
Jalkaisuja 3. 85 pp. Viitasaari, M. 1982b. Sahapistiaiset 2.
Xyeloidea ja Megalodontoidea. Maatalousja metsaelaintieteen laitos.
Jalkaisuja 5. 72 pp. Viitasaari, M. 1984. Sahapistiaiset 3.
Siricoides, Orussoidea ja Cephoidea. Helsingin
yliopisto. Maatalousja metsaelaintieteen laitos. Jalkaisuja 6. 66 pp. Viitasaari, M. 1987. Sahapistiaiset 4. Havupistiaiset
(Diprionidae). Maatalousja metsaelaintieteen laitos. Jalkaisuja 10.
79 pp. Wong, H.R., and H.E. Milliron. 1972. A Canadian species of Susana on western juniper. Canad. Ent.
104:1025--1028. Wright, A. 1990. British sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta): a key
to adults of the genera occurring in Britain. Field Studies 7:531‑593. Yuasa, H. 1922. A classification of the larvae of the
Tenthredinoidea. Illinois Biological Monograph 7(4).172 pp. Zhelokhovtsev, A.H. 1988. Order Hymenoptera. Suborder Symphyta
(Chalastogastra). Pages 7‑234 in Medvedev
G.S., ed. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3.
Hymenoptera, Part 6. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Zoological Institute.
Nauka, Leningrad, USSR. 250 pp. [In Russian.] |